The imbalanced sex ratio in India is responsible for discrimination of women in all aspects of life in India. There is a severe and deep-rooted division and discrimination based on sex and caste in the Indian social system. 1The framers of the Indian Constitution have built protective and affirmative provisions for the empowering of women. […]

This research undertakes an in-depth exploration of legislative efforts to combat human trafficking and safeguard vulnerable groups, including women, children, and economically marginalized communities. Today human trafficking remains a grave violation of human rights, perpetuating social and economic inequalities. Moreover, despite the existence of legal frameworks such as the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956, and […]

This paper critically examines the gap between India’s constitutional promise of freedom of conscience and the reality of compulsory religious and caste identification in state practices. It traces the evolution of religious and secular thought in India, from ancient heterodox traditions and colonial enumeration to the constitutional debates, and analyses key judicial developments affirming the […]

Witnesses constitute the backbone of the criminal justice system. Their testimony forms the basis of investigation, prosecution, and adjudication. However, the Indian criminal justice system has historically failed to provide adequate protection to witnesses, resulting in intimidation, coercion, and the alarming rise of hostile witnesses. The Witness Protection Scheme, 2018—approved by the Supreme Court in […]

Over 5,30,000 inmates are housed in the prison system of India, of whom approximately 73.5 per cent are undertrial prisoners not convicted of any offence. These individuals endure blanket denial of internet access under prison regulations of the colonial era, positioning India rather incongruously with the evolving architecture of human rights law. This paper argues […]