Witness Protection as Criminal Justice Reform in India: A Delhi Study
Witness protection has become a crucial component of contemporary criminal justice reform, particularly in systems where hostile testimony and witness intimidation undermine trial integrity. In India, the absence of a comprehensive statutory framework historically weakened prosecutorial effectiveness and threatened the constitutional guarantee of a fair trial under Article 21. This article examines witness protection as […]
Witness Protection as a Human Rights Imperative: A Critical Analysis of India’s Witness Protection Framework
The efficacy of any criminal justice system depends substantially upon the willingness of witnesses to participate in judicial proceedings without fear of intimidation, coercion, or retaliation. In India, the absence of a comprehensive statutory framework for witness protection for several decades resulted in widespread witness hostility, compromised prosecutions, and diminished public confidence in the administration […]
E-Courts in India: Analysing a Transformative Shift in the Concept of Access to Justice
The advent of E-Courts in India marks a pivotal transformation in the judicial landscape, redefining the traditional contours of access to justice. This paper critically analyses the evolution, implementation, and impact of the E-Courts Mission Mode Project under the National e-Governance Plan. By leveraging digital technologies, E-Courts aim to enhance transparency, efficiency, and accessibility in […]
Revisiting Sentence hearing by Appellate Courts: A Case Study
Every criminal trial is a journey to discover who is guilty or innocent. A judge presides over a criminal trial not merely to see that a guilty man does not escape, he also supervises it that no innocent man is punished. At the culmination of a criminal trial the judge shall prepare a judgment, either […]
Analytical Study of Modern Forms of Cyber Crimes in India and Abroad: Emerging Threats and Legal Challenges
The rapid expansion of the internet and digital platforms has led to the rise of sophisticated cybercrimes that go beyond traditional online frauds. This paper explores modern cyber threats, including advanced phishing attacks, ransomware as a service (RaaS), cyberterrorism, cryptojacking, deepfakes, and AI-driven attacks. These crimes leverage emerging technologies, targeting victims with precision and causing […]
Broadcasting Regulation in India: A Critical Analysis of the Bill and Its Implications for Press Freedom and Digital Media
India’s Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, introduced in 2023 and revised in 2024, represents the most ambitious legislative overhaul of broadcast regulation since the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act of 1995. Ostensibly designed to consolidate a fragmented regulatory architecture and adapt the law to the realities of digital media, the Bill has provoked significant controversy among […]
Explainability as a Constitutional Requirement: Can “Black Box AI” ever be Judicially Legitimate?
Artificial Intelligence is no longer a speculative presence in judicial systems. Artificial Intelligence is used for case management software to algorithmic risk assessments used for bail and sentencing decisions across jurisdictions. Courts are increasingly engaging and investing in automated tools that promise efficiency, consistency, and speed. Yet many of these systems still operate as “black […]
A Critical Study of Digital Arrest Scams and the Erosion of Online Trust: A Socio-Legal Analysis of Cybercrime Regulation in the AI Era
The rapid expansion of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, and online communication platforms has significantly transformed the nature of cybercrime, giving rise to a new form of technology-enabled fraud popularly known as “digital arrest scams.” These scams involve cybercriminals impersonating law enforcement agencies, judicial authorities, telecom regulators, or financial institutions through video calls, AI-generated voices, forged […]
Procedure to File a Consumer Complaint under the Consumer Protection Act 2019
This paper examines the procedure for filing a complaint under the Consumer Protection Act 2019, which was enacted to strengthen consumer rights and provide an accessible remedy against unfair trade practices, defective goods, and deficient services. The Act establishes a simplified and time-bound redressal system through Consumer Commissions at the District, State, and National levels. […]
Beyond Interception: Pegasus, Privacy and the Indian Constitution
This paper argues that Pegasus-type zero-click, full-device spyware cannot be justified under India’s present interception framework and fails constitutional proportionality. We first distinguish endpoint device takeover from interception “in transit,” then map spyware capabilities (live mic/camera, keystrokes, file access) against Section 5(2), Indian Telegraph Act, 1885; Section 69 and Section 69B, Information Technology Act, 2000; […]